Nowadays, creation of proficient court is necessary in the world. This necessity sometimes results from the importance of claims subject and sometimes comes from complexity of these claims.In addition, in Family court, the relationship of courts functions and interest of society, indirect result of this relationship is the prevention of commitment of crimes and social damages, requires devoting of proficient courts. But in Iran's legal system, only has constituted allocated courts.In spite of "Family Protection Draft Bill" has a good points and concept, it isn't sufficient. Because it has ignored basic points.It seems that completing of "Family Protection Draft", specially in Family court section, needs more attention to conditions of judges. obligate a presence of women judges, make an advantages for judges of Family courts for their difficult job and finally facilitating of necessary instrument and equipment such as arbitration, Assistance, technical counseling. Special police and court decisions enforcer. Paying attention of this elements leads to constitution of proficient court. Such court can create an ideal proceeding in Family claims in order to uprooting conflicts between Family and strengthening Family.

Parvin Etesami talked a lot about Family, its members and their relations in her court poetry. She referred to the role of woman as mate and mother and the role of man as mate and father. The children and their relationship with parents were also mentioned. She used several ways for talking about Family and its members such as metaphor, parable and storytelling. Orphans, animals (especially poultry) and businessmen have various roles in her stories. Although many researchers have talked about the character of woman in Persian literature but researches about familial relations was less discussed. Research about this topic helps us to know more about poet’s character, beliefs and thoughts. This descriptive-analytic research that has been done based on literature review showed that among the members of Family, woman especially as mother had a premiere role in Parvin Etesami works.

Information and commun Virtual social networks have become the most similar to human society with the process of information explosion that they have undertaken and have become an important and influencing factor in couples' relationships. The aim of the present study was to identify the role of virtual social space in the relationships of couples referring to the Family court, especially its effect on the functioning of the Family and their mental health. The current research was among qualitative researches and three types of open, central and selective coding were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the current study included couples referring to Family courts, who were purposefully sampled and interviewed. The tool used in the present study was a structured and semi-structured interview. From the analysis of the conducted interviews, 207 open codes were obtained, among which 8 main themes were extracted to express the lived experiences of the interviewees, which included: "Internet addiction", "covering the emotional and mental void", etc. The result of the study showed that social-virtual space plays an important role in the process of socialization and re-socialization of couples; which, along with other factors, stabilize different attitudes and thoughts and also have a significant impact on their mental health. In summary, it can be concluded that excessive use of media, especially social virtual space, can cause many harms, including excessive dependence on technology, separation and loneliness, internet addiction, depression and boredom, psychological, physical, economic, etc. be in pairs.and boredom, and psychological, physical issues in couplesIntroductionInformation and Communication Technology (ICT), particularly social media networks, has significantly enhanced its influence on Family dynamics, owing to its evolving utilization objectives and its ever-growing penetration. The significance of these platforms is highlighted across the Family unit, owing to their extensive presence. In fact, virtual social networks, with the exponential growth they have experienced, bear a striking resemblance to the human society at large, and thus, exert a significant influence on marital relations. Studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the structure and daily routines of couples. In particular, its importance emerges in areas of communication, relationship development, education, work-life balance, leisure time, parenting styles, and others. In light of this, concentrating on identifying shortcomings, gaps, and risks associated with ICT usage in relation to the performance and functioning of couples becomes exceedingly pertinent.Literature ReviewNowadays, families face a myriad of technologies, particularly the introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to their homes. Stevenson (2011) acknowledges that its initial introduction is for educational aims, yet it soon extends to other spheres of socio-cultural life. While the multipurpose nature of ICT enables ease of life, it also breeds disputes among Family members. Ghazanfar et al. (2015) assert that the application of ICT can modify the institution of the Family itself, as well as its phases of development. Stress and other health-related concerns, safety issues, privacy infringements, access to inappropriate content, reduced social interactions, decreased Family gatherings, and changes in dietary habits have become a frequent occurrence in the structure of modern families, arising out of their extensive reliance on Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The number of users of this medium had been estimated at a threshold spanning between 150 to 180 million people in 1999. The figure elevated to over 200 million people in 2002, surpassing 1.5 billion people in 2008 and surpassed 2.4 billion people in 2012, exceeding 2.7 billion people in 2016, and surpassed 3.5 billion people by 2018. Thus, social media platforms have reached a state of widespread adoption and proliferation across all facets of society, culminating in the emergence of new patterns within marital relationships.MethodologyIt is necessary to understand the impact that social media networks have on the relationships of couples attending Family courts. In this context, the present study constituted qualitative research and adopted thematic analysis to analyse the data collected. The initial sampling pool consisted of 27 couples (15 males and 12 females) attending Family courts, among whom 24 individuals ultimately participated in the study. For this study, structured and semi-structured interviews were utilized as the main tools for data collection. The key questions are:How have social media platforms impacted the functioning of couples?What are the background factors associated with excessive usage of social media networks?What could be the repercussions of the excessive utilization of social media networks?ResultsUpon analysing the transcribed interviews, a total of 207 open codes were derived. These open codes were grouped into seven essential themes, each depicting the realities that the interviewees experienced, namely: "Internet addiction"; "Covering the emotional and mental void"; "Non-recognition"; "Online sexual activities"; "Expansion of entertainment through social networks"; "Psychological and sociological problems" and "Distorted perception of reality.The results of the present investigative study reveal a wide array of positive and negative impacts of extensive usage of virtual social media networks on interpersonal relationships. While digital platforms can enable communication and enhance communication for partners, such networks can, simultaneously, cause a loss of trust and communication between them. In addition, the results revealed that the availability and ease of accessibility of social media platforms can increase the likelihood of engaging in extra-marital online sexual activities, which can generate feelings of betrayal and distrust, causing an eventual breakup. Internet addiction, furthermore, was recognized as a significant drawback of virtual media networks in Family functioning, and it is associated with adverse psychological and social repercussions, such as depression, anxiety, and decreased social support. Social media platforms can also lead to distortions of reality and unrealistic expectations within a relationship. Curated online profiles may lead to the presentation of idealized and filtered images and details about one's life, creating unrealistic expectations and feelings of inadequacy among partners. This, in turn, can lessen satisfaction and increase tensions in the relationship. The results of the present study revealed that virtual social spaces can contribute to the process of socialization and re-socialization of couples, and this, along with other factors, can potentially result in altering attitudes and perspectives and can also affect mental health.ConclusionThe widespread and multidimensional advancement of internet communication has introduced various challenges and issues to our contemporary existence. In spite of providing numerous benefits, such platforms can pave the path for the dissemination of misinformation, leading to the challenge and subversion of basic values. Social media networks, with their insidious influence, have altered human relationships to an unprecedented extent, enabling the control and manipulation of public opinions, fostering social unrest, and even instigating conflicts and crises. Excessive usage of media, primarily of virtual social platforms, has the potential to spark and exacerbate a plethora of harmful effects on marital relationships, including excessive reliance on technology, separation, and feelings of loneliness, internet addiction, depression, and boredom, on top of causing personal, familial, relational, emotional, psychological, physical, economic, and other difficulties within couples.

AbstractThe present study examines and describes the process of stance-taking and engagement in the arbitration theories related to the Family court grounded on Hyland’s (2008) approach to voice and stance-taking. In divorce cases, the judge asks each of the parties (wife/husband) to nominate an arbitrator who is supposed to present the result of his/her considerations on each of the parties to the judge in terms of a theory. In this research, 36 arbitration theories were selected for discussion and analysis. Eighteen theories are related to the arbitrators selected by the parties, which are non-specialist theories, and eighteen cases are related to the theory of court-selected arbitrators, which are called specialized theories. After examining the data based on quantitative and qualitative approaches, it was found that stance markers and (to a lesser extent) engagement markers have a pivotal role in the formation of the discourse of arbitration theory. This goes to the extent that for every 59.26 words in the corpus, there is one stance and engagement marker. Likewise, the comparison of specialized and non-specialized theories shows that specialized theories have more descriptive and explanatory sufficiency.Keywords: Arbitration theory; Engagement; Family court; Judicial discourse Analysis; Stance.  IntroductionStance markers can be considered as one of the most influential discursive-linguistic media through which subjects can choose to represent their views in different contexts. For instance, judicial and trial context is included in cases and contexts where taking a stance, as a discursive act, can play a significant role in the evaluation, interpretation and judgment of a discursive and/or non-discursive events. Although stance-taking has been studied in a wide range of discourses (Abdi, 2010; Biber, 2006; Hyland, 2005, 2008), the study of its various strategies and functions in judicial discourse has not received much attention and it is of undeniable importance. The reason for this importance is that in judicial discourse, taking a stance in relation to an issue plays a key role in arranging and structuring arguments and perceptions to attract the opinion of judges. Therefore, in this research, we intend to examine the phenomenon mentioned in the arbitration reports in Family cases. In cases where couples refer to the Family court for divorce, the court refers the issue to the arbitrator to create peace and compromise between them and finally issues a decision based on the arbitrators' point of view. In this connection, the Article 28 of the Family Protection Law states that “after the issuance of the order to refer the matter to arbitration, each of the parties is obliged to introduce one of their relatives as an arbitrator to the civil court within one week from the date of notification.is the arbitrator should be at least thirty years old, male, married and familiar with Sharia, Family and social issues.” Addressing the divorce matter to arbitration process, from appointing an arbitrator to announcing his opinion to the court, is a time-consuming process, and it also imposes costs on people. On this account, whether such theories can be effective and functional recognizing the necessity of long stages during the judicial process is an enquiry that has to be taken into account. Furthermore, insofar as the arbitration has to be impartial and unbiased, the central puzzle to be resolved is that how one can depend on the impartiality of the theories submitted to the judge give the fact that the arbitrators are introduced by the divorce parties? To put it differently, it is of indubitable importance to ask whether Family ties and relations will influence evaluations and theories?  Considering issues as such can validate the importance and necessity of the current research. Based on the material presented in the current research, we will investigate taking a stance in arbitration opinions. To this end, we will employ Hyland’s approach (2008) to stance-taking engagement. Therefore, this research aims to provide justifiable answer the following queries:What, discursive strategies and linguistic tools are constitutive of stance-taking and engagement?What is the frequency of linguistic tools and discursive strategies of stance-taking and engagement in arbitration reports?  Materials and methodsThe corpus of the present research consists of 36 arbitration theories extracted from the divorce cases of the Family court of Doroud, a city in court of Doroud (a city in Lorestan Province) After examining 86 cases, we opted eighteen expert and non-expert theories of arbitration for analysis. The total number of words in the corpus is 7391. The present research examines and analyzes the data with a descriptive and analytical approach based on quantitative and qualitative components. For the qualitative aspect, we recruited Hyland's (2008) approach to stance-taking and engagement. Concerning the quantitative aspect, we used the Antconc (3.5.8) concordance software and statistical analysis. In so doing, through the Antconc software, we obtained the frequency of the words in the corpus. In the next step, based on Hyland's (2008) proposed tools to study stance and engagement items and instances, we classified them according to the research objectives. We also used statistical analysis to obtain the raw frequency and measure the frequency of the desired components in the scale of 1000 words. It is worth mentioning that during the rewriting of the reports, all the personal information of the referees, feuding parties (wife/ husband), have been changed in order to protect the parties’ private information.  Discussion and conclusionsFor the quantitative examination of our data, first, the interaction indicators were studied in the form of raw frequency and then in the scale of 1000 words. The findings indicate that arbitrators have used (381) stance and (57) engagement elements in their arbitration reports in their interaction with the addressee (judge). The frequency of interaction elements in the whole corpus is (438) and the frequency in the scale of 1000 words also shows that for every (59/62) words, a stance and engagement marker is used, which means that the interaction elements (both stance markers and engagement markers) form an important part of the discourse of arbitration theories. Table 1- Frequency of stance markers in arbitration reports (total 7391words).frequency in 1000 wordsraw frequencystance markers11/7787hedges13/3999boosters11/5085attitude markers14/88110self-mention51/54381total Table 2- Frequency of engagement markers in arbitration reports (total 7391words).frequency in 1000 wordsraw frequencyengagement markers4/8736reader mention00asides2/8421Shared knowledge00directives00questions7/7157total As it can be seen in table (1), among the characteristics related to stance-taking, self-mention elements and attitude markers respectively have the highest and lowest occurrence rates in the corpus.Examining the frequency of each of the linguistic elements of stance and engagement confirms that the elements of self-mention and attitude markers have the highest and lowest occurrence rates among the types of ways of expressing stance, respectively. Self-mention is a strategy that the author relies on to highlight his presence in the text, and it is observed in the corpus of the present research in the form of personal pronouns and present identifiers of the first person singular (and sometimes plural). The reason why this indicator is used more than other indicators is that in the theories of arbitration, the arbitrator tries to reflect the actions taken towards couples in order to create a compromise between them in his theory based on the responsibility assigned to him by the judge. This way also validates the result of his arbitration. All stance markers, including the use of the first-person pronoun, are tools for persuading the addressee (judge). Regarding the attitude markers, it should be said that the relatively low frequency of this type of markers in comparison with other markers is due to the fact that sometimes it is not possible to have a clear and decisive boundary between the types of markers, because for example, a linguistic structure may in a context show a positive attitude and, in another context, it expresses a negative attitude. For example, the use of reporting speech in scientific genres can increase the validity and accuracy of the author's statements, while in the theories of judgment, they are considered a form of doubt and indirectly show the author's uncertainty about the statements made. In the corpus of the current research, the frequency of positive markers was summarized in only three cases, the reason for which is the specific discourse of these theories, because the arbitrator’s opinion is usually considered when the probability of compromise between couples is low. The negative attitudes in all the reports have three main purposes: targeting the character of the couples, the consequences of not issuing a divorce decree, and announcing the arbitrator’s personal opinion. Regarding engagement markers in the corpus, we can only consider two types of reader pronouns and shared knowledge, because other engagement strategies such as questions, directives, and asides are considered to be a kind of face threatening linguistic actions, in such a way that they do not consider the position and face of the judge as a powerful participant.

Introduction divorce has always been one of the most challenging issues facing human societies since direct and indirect effects are not only on the psychological balance of couples and children but its negative effects on the cultural system and the economic system are undeniable. Divorce as one of the most influential phenomena in the Iranian society has also been proposed which brings damage to different aspects. This way, we face a growing divorce rate in Iran every day. Some consider this rise as a sign of uncertainty and ultimately, the collapse of the Family body and in general, the structure of society, and some consider this trend as a result of increasing individual liberty and the weakening of societal practices. However, the phenomenon of divorce during the last century has led to a growing trend in the global and national scale, wives who suffer from disagreements, are deficient in the skill of life and are involved in unproductive communication patterns. If the couples do not properly acquire the skills of life, including skills of communication and conflict resolution, conflicts in a verbal form and then behave in a manner, and gradual degradation begins in couples' adaptation. Ineffective communication leads to a gap between a profound individual that is experienced in all aspects of life and all parts of society. The lack of communication skills necessary to start and sustain marital life can lead to loneliness, physical illness and psychological pressure, sense of incapacity and dissatisfaction, Family problems, and even death. The frustration of improving couples' relationships, false insights, false relationships, besides the side effects that affect the relationship between spouses, also undermine the structure. How to develop and expand the divorce in society and consequently the destruction of healthy relationships among couples on one hand reflects social, cultural, economic, and on the other hand the effect of how marital relations are established among couples. Therefore, strengthening of the relationship and communication skills among couples can reduce the burden of the problem. Communication problems are a pivotal issue in the communication approaches to the Family. Families in which both husband and wife are understanding and feel satisfied with life have a better function and play a better role. Marital satisfaction is one of the factors of achievement and achievement of the goals of life communication problems are a central issue in the communication approaches to the Family in terms of their attachment, the relationship between spouses can be effective in terms of satisfaction and attachment. In this study, we try to identify and explain the challenges and relationship between couples from the perspective of cultural differences in the way of qualitative research method which ultimately forces couples to divorce each other. Research Method In terms of research methods, this research is a quality that uses the method of content analysis. It is also purposeful, exploratory, and practical. The statistical population of this study consists of couples exposed to divorce, academic experts, counselors and senior managers in the field of social communication. The statistical sample of the study is 30 people who were selected through theoretical and targeted sampling method. Findings The required statistical data were collected and analyzed using the semi-structured specialized interview method. Goba and Lincoln criteria were also used to evaluate the quality of the research results. Conclusion The results showed that the cultural causes of couples' communication challenges exposed to divorce in three categories: non-adherence to religious, moral and social values (including 10 components), individual and Family abnormalities (8 components) and differences in subcultures (2(. Component) are located.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting Family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of Family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

The issue of Family court proceedings is one of the important discussions in the field of Family law and judiciary bodies dealing with Family affairs. It must be definitely claimed that failure to observe some principles in court proceedings related to Family lawsuits may render rules and verdicts of Family courts invalid. In this paper, we have tried to find an appropriate answer to this essential question: Are the court proceedings special for Family lawsuits founded based on certain principles? In response to the above question, while investigating the sensitive position of the Family institution through a descriptive-analytical method and based on rules and regulations, the efforts by the legislator to enact laws related to this important institution of the community have been hypothesized. This is, on one hand, to take into account various individual, social and Family considerations, and on the other hand, to enact laws for sustainability of Family relations. Therefore, undoubtedly certain principles must govern Family court proceedings. The legislator has paid special attention to observing what is good for children, young adults and women according to the principle of expediency – which is a jurisprudential principle – and has avoided unnecessary formalities in Family court proceedings in line with observing what is good for families and accelerating settlement of Family lawsuits. Given close connection of Family lawsuits with public order, the need for private session of court proceedings is proposed. Finally, referring all Family lawsuits to arbitration is requested as a Quranic and jurisprudential principle. In the midst of discussions, we have reviewed Imam Khomeini’s views when needed.

The Kujujis were one of the ancient families of Tabriz who served in the Safavid Diwani organization after adopting Shiite religion. This research has used a descriptive-analytical method based on sources and manuscripts and is aimed to examine the lineage and the role and position of this Family in the Safavid court organization. The findings show that the Kujujis played a significant role in directing and drawing the attention of Ismail Safavi for invasion and occupation of Azerbaijan, as well as the final defeat of the Sufis. They also contributed to the transfer and continuation of Diwani traditions to the Safavid era and obtained high positions in the Safavid Diwani organization until the early reign of Shah Abbas, despite their tumultuous relationship with the kings, however, they were subsequently excluded from all Diwani arenas. Strangely, the Kujujis did not claim sovereignty before the Safavid era, but in early Safavid sources they were referred to as the Sadats who were descended from the fourth Imam of the Shiites, and some of them tended to do so from the late eleventh century bearing the title of “Sadat Hosseini”.